Large-scale forced conscription campaigns

The report reveals that the M23 intensified its forced recruitment efforts following the group’s capture of key cities like Goma and Bukavu in early 2025. Thousands of Congolese soldiers, members of local armed groups, and civilians have reportedly been detained in makeshift facilities. Witnesses describe abductions occurring in broad daylight—on streets, in homes, and even during gatherings in schools and churches—before victims were transferred to military training camps.

Minors subjected to military indoctrination

Among the detained, HRW researchers documented cases of children as young as 12 years old. Many were reportedly sent to indoctrination centers where they received military training and ideological conditioning to integrate them into the M23 ranks. The report emphasizes that these conscriptions were enforced under threat of death for those who resisted joining the group.

Deplorable detention conditions

Conditions inside these detention facilities have been described as appalling. Overcrowding, severe food and water shortages, and relentless physical abuse have led to numerous deaths. Survivors recount witnessing fatalities caused by starvation, dehydration, torture, and summary executions. While the exact death toll remains unverified, HRW estimates that hundreds may have perished in these camps based on survivor testimonies.

Allegations extend to Rwandan involvement

Testimonies also implicate Rwandan military personnel in these operations. Some detainees identified M23 officers among their captors, while others reported that instructors and guards were Rwandan nationals wearing uniforms of the Rwandan Armed Forces. These claims emerge amid escalating regional tensions, with Kigali continuing to deny allegations of direct military support to the M23.